|
Pulses
in India :
India is
the world's largest producer of grain legumes (peas/pulses) with
total production varying between 12.0 and 14.0 million metric
tonnes (MMT) in recent years.
Pulses are
grown over an area of around 23 million hectares accounting for
about 18% of total area, and less than 8% of total food grain
production, and the yield per hectare ranging between 500 - 600
kgs. These are grown mainly under unirrigated conditions and the
irrigated area accounts for less than 10% of the total area. The
major pulses grown in India are - Pigeon peas (Arhar) and Tyson
chick peas (Gram or Desi Chana). Their share in the total pulses
production is about 21% and 33% respectively.
Production :
The major
Kharif (harvested in Sept/Oct) pulses are -Green beans (moong
beans) Black Matpe (Urad), Pigeon Pea (Arhar/Tur) while major
Rabi (harvested in Mar/April) Pulses are Chick peas, green peas,
Lentils.
Source :-
M.P. Ministry of Agriculture, G.O.I.
The above
chart depicts that throughout the time span of 1990-91 to
2000-01 the level of production of Tur, Urad, Moong and Masoor
in the country was first, second, third and fourth respectively.
Area
coverage under pulses production in India was 19.09 Million
Hectors during 1950-51 and in 2002-03 the figure was 21.12
Million hectors. That means there is very negligible improvement
in area under pulses production in India in so many years. The
same with production figures also. During 1950-51 the production
figure was 8.41 Million Tonnes and during 2002-03 the figure was
11.31 Million Tonnes.
Considering 12 to 14 Million Metric Tonnes as total Pulses
production in India we can figure out share of other important
pulses. Production of Gram contains nearly 40% of total
production, i.e. it ranges in between 50 to 53 Lakh Metric
Tonnes, Tur ranges in between 20 to 22 Lakh Metric Tonnes, Urd
ranges between 10 to 13 Lakh Metric Tonnes, Moong in between 10
to 12 Lakh Metric Tonnes and Lentil in between 6-8 Lakh Metric
Tonnes. The remaining part covered by other pulses.
During
last two decades there has been no significant change in the
total output, though substantial increase in population was
noticed. This resulted into shortages and that is why to fill
the gap imports of pulses are required.
Consumption :
Pulses are
an important source of protein in the Indian diet. Production
growth has not been able to keep pace with the population growth
and, as a consequence, India's per capita net availability of
pulses has come down to 36.0 grams per day as compared with
around 70.0 grams in the sixties. With the result India will
remain an important buyer with a growing appetite.
Although
particular varieties of Pulses are preferred in different parts
of the country, food habits are easily changed according to
availability of pulses. Generally main uses of pulses in India
are as follows:
|
Main Uses of
Pulses in India |
|
Peas/Pulses
|
Main forms
of consumption |
|
Green Beans
(Moong beans) |
- used as a
vegetable and for making snacks |
|
Chick Peas
(Gram)
|
- used for
making besan (fine flour) which is used for making sweets, snacks, and mixed
with wheat flour to make chapattis (flat bread) |
|
Pigeon Peas
(Arhar/Tur)) |
- used as a
vegetable with meals |
|
Black Gram (Urad) |
- used as
vegetable with meals and for making pappadam and used as sweets/snacks etc. |
|
Chick Pea
(Kabuli type) |
- used as
vegetable with meals |
|
Red Lentils
(Masoor) |
- used as
vegetable with meals (consumed mainly in east Indian states) |
|
White Peas (Matar) |
- used as
vegetable with meals. Also used for making snack food |
(1) Tur
(Arhar)-Pegion Peas :
In India,
tur accounts for 20 per cent of the total output of all pulses
and 2nd largest after Gram. India accounts for 90 percent of
world production of tur. While Maharashtra, Uttar
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat account for a major
share in the production, small quantities are also cultivated in
Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, Kamataka, Tamil Nadu, Orissa and
Bihar.
Tur is
cultivated both as a kharif and rabi crop. Like
gram it is consumed in almost all the states in the country. It
is a major ingredient of South Indian Sambhar curry which is
eaten with a number of dishes like idli, vada, dosa, uttappam,
etc.
Production: The area under tur increased from 2.18 million
hectares in 1950-51 to 3.73 million hectares in 2002-03 and the
production from 1.72 million tonnes to 2.12 million tonnes.
India
normally imports whole tur from Burma and Africa.
India
exports small quantities of tur mainly to UAE, USA, Singapore
and Saudi Arabia.
Sowing-Harvesting season :
|
State |
Sowing |
Harvesting |
|
Andhra Pradesh |
Jun-Aug |
Jan-Mar |
|
Bihar |
Jun-Aug |
Mar-May |
|
Gujarat |
Jun-Jul |
Jan-Mar |
|
Karnataka |
Jun-Aug |
Dec-Feb |
|
Madhya Pradesh |
Jun-Jul |
Nov-Apr |
|
Maharashtra |
Jun-Jul |
Feb-Mar |
|
Rajasthan |
Jun-Aug |
Nov-Mar |
|
Tamil Nadu |
Jul-Aug |
Nov-Feb (K) |
|
Tamil Nadu |
Nov-Jan |
Feb-Apr (R) |
|
Uttar Pradesh |
May-Jul |
Dec-Jan |
|
West
Bengal |
Apr-Oct |
Dec-May |
|
All
India |
May-Aug |
Nov-Apr |
|
State wise
major mandi’s name :
|
Maharastra |
U.P. |
Gujarat |
|
Latoor |
Kanpur |
Surat |
|
Barchi |
Kashganj |
Dhansura |
|
Jalgaon |
Hatras |
Modasa |
|
Nagpur |
|
Talod |
|
|
|
Rajkot |
Varieties
:
|
Maharastra |
U.P. |
Gujarat |
|
Red
Tur (Desi) |
Red
Tur (Desi) |
Tur
White (BDN) |
|
Tur
White (BDN) |
Nylon/Bold |
Red
Tur (Desi) |
|
Tur
Black |
|
Nylon/Bold |
Variety
wise crop composition :
In
Maharastra percentage share of production of Red (Desi) variety
lies in between 15% - 20%, white (BDN) 70% - 75% and Black is
minimum i.e. 5% - 10%. Price of BDN variety generally remains Rs.
50/Qntl higher than Desi variety.
In Gujarat
percentage share of production of BDN variety is highest, i.e.
near about 70%. Its harvest comes during Dec-Jan. Desi variety’s
production in about 10% and Nylon (Bold) variety’s production is
around 5%-10%. Its harvest comes during Feb-March.
In U.P.
production percentage of Desi & Bold variety lies in the range
of 90:10.
Source:
Department of Agriculture & Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture
Government of India
International Prices:
|
MONTH-WISE INTERNATIONAL PRICES OF PULSES |
|
Rate in USD / PMT C&F |
|
Arhar / Tur |
|
Month |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
|
January |
300/305 |
280/300 |
220/255 |
210/220 |
|
Februrary |
325/365 |
290/305 |
230/265 |
240/290 |
|
March |
360/390 |
285/300 |
230/265 |
290/320 |
|
April |
350/370 |
275/285 |
260/270 |
290/320 |
|
May |
390/395 |
275/300 |
265/275 |
290/320 |
|
June |
350/370 |
280/295 |
260/280 |
290/320 |
|
July |
340/370 |
290/312 |
285/300 |
|
|
August |
255/335 |
290/325 |
310/330 |
|
|
September |
250/275 |
315/325 |
300/320 |
|
|
October |
220/255 |
270/325 |
275/280 |
|
|
November |
265/280 |
270/285 |
230/250 |
|
|
December |
270/310 |
210/275 |
210/220 |
|
|
Source:
NAFED
(2) Black
Gram (Urad) – Kharif Crop :
Black-gram
(urad, mash) is a highly prized pulse, very rich in phosphoric
acid. It is used, more or less, in the same way as green-gram (mung).
It is also used in preparing papad (a kind of wafer) and barian
(spiced balls of ground dal) and together with rice in preparing
dosa and idli, popular breakfast dishes.
It is
grown all over India, mainly in the monsoon season, the main
areas of production being Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab,
Maharashtra, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka.
Annually, a little less than one million Tones of grain is
produced from an area of about 2.5 million hectares.
Blackgram
is grown purely as a rainfed crop during kharif and on residual
moisture in rice fallows during rabi. In case there is a long
dry spell, the crop is benefited if 1 irrigation is given.
Excess water at any stage affects the crop adversely.
State wise
major mandi’s name :
|
Maharastra |
Gujarat |
M P |
U P |
|
Latoor |
Modasa |
Indore |
Hatras |
|
Jalgaon |
Himmatnagar |
Sagar |
Ganjdhundwada |
|
Nanded |
Talod |
Bhopal |
Aligarh |
|
Akola |
Rajkot |
Jhansi |
|
|
Dhulia |
Junagarh |
|
|
Varieties
:
|
Maharastra |
Gujarat |
M P |
U P |
|
Desi (bold
type) |
Desi |
Desi |
Desi |
|
T 9 (small
type |
T 9 |
|
|
Variety
wise crop composition :
In
Maharastra percentage share of production in between Desi
variety & T9 variety is approximately 70:30. Desi’s
price remains higher by Rs.65-70 than T9.
In Gujarat
percentage share of production in between Desi variety &
T9 variety is approximately 90:10. Desi’s price
remains higher by Rs.60 than T9.
In M.P.
there is only variety grown i.e. Desi. Therefore there is no
price difference.
In U.P.
there also single variety grows i.e. Desi, but it is inferior
quality as compared with Desi variety grown in other states. Its
price difference remains Rs.100/Qntl with prices in other main
producing states.
International Prices :
|
MONTH-WISE INTERNATIONAL PRICES OF PULSES |
|
Rate in USD / PMT C&F |
|
Urad / Black Gram |
|
Month |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
|
January |
372/373 |
515/525 |
300/310 |
210/220 |
|
Februrary |
380/415 |
410/450 |
310/330 |
210/225 |
|
March |
510/570 |
390/400 |
295/330 |
225/250 |
|
April |
495/500 |
325/350 |
300/310 |
225/250 |
|
May |
520/525 |
385/395 |
310/320 |
190/230 |
|
June |
480/500 |
385/395 |
315/325 |
200/230 |
|
July |
480/500 |
390/421 |
285/300 |
|
|
August |
450/470 |
375/421 |
285/310 |
|
|
September |
480/490 |
375/410 |
300/310 |
|
|
October |
525/580 |
355/410 |
270/280 |
|
|
November |
525/570 |
335/380 |
225/250 |
|
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Pulses
